black widow distribution
The northern black widow (L. variolus) is found primarily in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, though its range overlaps with that of L. mactans. The black widow spiders inhabit mainly the warm regions of the world. Before the insect can free itself from the web, the spider rushes and injects it with the venom and wraps it in silk. These small spiders have an unusually potent venom containing the neurotoxin latrotoxin, which causes the condition latrodectism, both named after the genus. They can also be found in Florida and Texas. By John Misachi on November 1 2018 in World Facts. Pest of Paradise: First Aid and Medical Treatment of Injuries from Hawaii's Animals. Medication is recommended as soon as possible to relieve the victim of the pain. [25] Black widows are not especially aggressive spiders, and they rarely bite humans unless startled or otherwise threatened. Black widows are notorious spiders identified by the colored, hourglass-shaped mark on their abdomens. Diet of the Black Widow Spider. There are 31 known species of widow spiders, and different species can be found in different regions worldwide. [14][15] Their prey consists of small insects such as flies, mosquitoes, grasshoppers, beetles, and caterpillars. [1] The species is closely related to Latrodectus hesperus (western black widow) and Latrodectus variolus (northern black widow). Common usage of the term "black widow" makes no distinction between the three species. Members of the three species are often confused with the genus Steatoda, the false widows. [13][14] One pathway of entry into Hawaii for at least one of these black widow species is imported produce[15] (which is also considered an important potential pathway for widow spiders elsewhere).[16]. In North America, the black widow spiders can be found in the United States and Canada. (In Canada, northern black widows occur in the southern parts of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Quebec. ) The blue mud dauber (Chalybion californicum) is a wasp that, in western North America, is the primary predator of black widow spiders.[17]. The females are well known for their distinctive black and red coloring and for the fact that they will occasionally eat their mate after reproduction. [2], As of May 2020[update] the World Spider Catalog accepted the following species:[1], Widow spiders are found on every continent of the world except Antarctica. A female black widow spider can produce four to nine egg sacs in one summer, each containing about 100–400 eggs. The black widow spiders can be found in all the continents except Antarctica. Identifying and Controlling Household Pests in Hawaii. The abdomen of a gravid female can be more than 1.25 cm (0.5 in) in diameter. [15] If the spider perceives a threat, it quickly lets itself down to the ground on a safety line of silk. The actual amount injected, even by a mature female, is variable. Before feeding, the black widow spider pulses a digestive juice over the insect which liquefies, allowing for capillary action. Despite their notoriety, Latrodectus bites rarely cause death or produce serious complications. zero fatalities among 23,409 documented Latrodectus bites from 2000 through 2008). [18] When the prey is entangled by the web, Latrodectus mactans quickly comes out of its retreat, wraps the prey securely in its strong web, then bites and envenoms its prey. University of Hawaii Press (Honolulu). [27], Since the venom is not usually life-threatening, antivenom has been used as pain relief and not to save lives. Although the reputation of these spiders is notorious and their venom does affect humans, only mature females are capable of envenomation in humans; their chelicerae—the hollow, needle-like mouthparts that inject venom—are, at approximately 1 mm, or .04 in., long enough to inject venom into humans, unlike those of the much smaller males. They inhabit every continent on Earth except Antarctica. The spider mainly hangs upside down at the center of the web and waits for the insect to get stuck. In North America, the black widows commonly known as southern (Latrodectus mactans), western (Latrodectus hesperus), and northern (Latrodectus variolus) are found in the United States, as well as parts of southern Canada – particularly in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, as can the "grey" or "brown widow spiders" (Latrodectus geometricus) and the "red widow spiders" (Latrodectus bishopi).[22]. [citation needed] Other species including Mantis or Centipede also will occasionally and opportunistically take widows as prey, but the preceding all exhibit some significant specific preference for Latrodectus. Science News", "Predicting the distribution of poorly-documented species, Northern black widow (Latrodectus variolus) and Black purse-web spider (Sphodros niger), using museum specimens and citizen science data", "Aracnoidismo en la Republica Dominicana", Import Health Standard Commodity Sub-class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Table grapes, (, "Widow Spider Parasitoids Philolema latrodecti", http://www.entsoc.org/press-releases/are-brown-widow-spiders-displacing-black-widows, "The prevalence of brown widow and black widow spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) in urban southern California", University of Washington Burke Museum spider myths, Black Widow Spider Venom and Bites Intoxication Treatment, Information on black widow spider bite in eMedicineHealth, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latrodectus_mactans&oldid=980958664, Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 29 September 2020, at 13:32. Black Widow Distribution. [13] The spider frequently hangs upside down near the centre of its web and waits for insects to blunder in and get stuck. They produce unusually potent venom that causes a condition known as latrodectism. Like other members of the Theridiidae, widow spiders construct a web of irregular, tangled, sticky silken fibres. In Europe, the black widow spider is mainly found along the Mediterranean while in Africa the spider can be found on Cape Verde Island and southern Africa. [8], The southern widow is primarily found in (and is indigenous to) the southeastern United States, ranging as far north as Ohio and as far west as Texas. Females of a few species are paler brown and some have no bright markings. The black widow spiders can be found in all the continents except Antarctica. [9] This behaviour may promote the survival odds of the offspring;[10] however, females of some species only rarely show this behaviour, and much of the documented evidence for sexual cannibalism has been observed in laboratory cages where the males could not escape. [26] In 1933, Allan Blair famously allowed himself to be bitten by the spider in order to investigate the toxicity of its venom in humans and as a means of convincing skeptics at the time who thought that the spider's venom might not be dangerous to humans. Female widow spiders have unusually large venom glands and their bite can be particularly harmful to large vertebrates, including humans. The spider's web is even strong enough to catch animals as large as mice. These symptoms may last 3-7 days or persist for more than one week. The most prevalent species occurring in eastern Asia and Australia is commonly called the redback (Latrodectus hasselti). Black widow spiders are small arachnids but are one of the deadliest spiders in the world. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is intended to be the 24th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). In Canada, there are two species of black widow spiders. Legs are long in proportion to body. Parasites of the egg sacs include the flightless scelionid wasp Baeus latrodecti,[20] and members of the chloropid fly genus Pseudogaurax. [26], Contrary to popular belief, most people who are bitten suffer no serious damage, let alone death. The ultimate tensile strength and other physical properties of Latrodectus hesperus (western black widow) silk are similar to the properties of silk from orb-weaving spiders that had been tested in other studies. The female deposits her eggs in a globular silken container in which they remain camouflaged and guarded. [6] There is much variation in female size, particularly in egg-carrying (gravid) females. [1][21] Arachnologist Herbert Walter Levi revised the genus in 1959, studying the female sexual organs and noting their similarity across described species. [7] Juveniles have a distinctly different appearance from the adults; the abdomen is grayish to black with white stripes running across it and is spotted with yellow and orange. Monte AA, Bucher-Bartelson B, Heard KJ (2011). Team Allied Distribution 240 Citation Circle Corona, CA 92880-2522 Phone: 951-279-5712 Fax: 951-279-1209 Toll Free: 800-800-4746 Brian Loyd: General Manager www.team-allied.com. [3][4][5][6] However, such general "common names" are of limited use as the diversity of species is much greater. The spiders are rarely found indoors but may enter human houses on items brought inside. In addition to these in North America are also the Red Widow Latrodectus bishopi and the Brown Widow Latrodectus geometricus, which, in addition to North America, has a much wider geographic distribution.
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