loki mythology
Die Götter verwandeln dort Vali in einen Wolf, der seinen Bruder Narfi zerreißt. [65], Loki appears in Richard Wagner's opera cycle Ring of the Nibelung as Loge (a play on Old Norse loge, "fire"), depicted as an ally of the gods (specifically as Wotan's assistant rather than Donner's), although he generally dislikes them and thinks of them as greedy, as they refuse to return the Rhine Gold to its rightful owners. Außerdem wurde ein Giftwurm über seinem Gesicht befestigt, dessen Gift ihm in die Augen troff. By the stallion Svaðilfari, Loki is the mother—giving birth in the form of a mare—to the eight-legged horse Sleipnir. In most cases Loki helped the other gods with his clever plans but sometimes he behaved in a malicious manner towards them. His name, derived from Germanic Tîwaz (Old English Tīw) and related to the Greek god Zeus, suggests that he was originally a sky-god, but in Roman times, he was equated with Mars, and hence dies Martis (Mars’s day; French mardi) became Tuesday (Icelandic Týs dagr). Nerthus is described as Terra Mater (“Earth Mother”), but her name corresponds to that of the god Njörd (from Germanic Nerthuz). Mythologie Wiki ist eine FANDOM-Lifestyle-Community. Inside the great hall are two benches, where many generally large people sit on two benches. In the southern Germanic sources she appears as Friia (Second Merseburg Charm) or Frea (Langobardic), the spouse of Wodan. In the poem, Fjölsviðr describes to the hero Svipdagr that Sinmara keeps the weapon Lævateinn within a chest, locked with nine strong locks (due to significant translation differences, two translations of the stanza are provided here): "Lævatein is there, that Lopt with runes He is counted among the Aesir but is not one of them. Breaking the silence, Loki says that, thirsty, he had come to these halls from a long way away to ask the gods for a drink of "the famous mead". In most cases Loki helped the other gods with his clever plans but sometimes he behaved in a malicious manner towards them. Since such incestuous unions were not allowed among the Aesir, Njörd afterward married Skadi (Skaði), daughter of the giant Thjazi. One good example is that he ‘...once cut off all of Sif’s hair out of pure malice...’ but then has the black-elves make Sif hair of gold before Thor can break all of his bones (Skáldskaparmál, 33). The two then go to the court of the goddess Freyja, and Thor asks her if he may borrow her feather cloak so that he may attempt to find Mjöllnir. Dort werden er und sein alter Feind Heimdall sich gegenseitig töten. In response, the gods grab their shields, shrieking at Loki, and chase him out of the hall and to the woods. Loki states that Thor should never brag of his journeys to the east, claiming that there Thor crouched cowering in the thumb of a glove, mockingly referring to him as a "hero", and adding that such behaviour was unlike Thor. The most negative side of Loki’s reputation is first and foremost due to his involvement in the beloved god Baldr’s death. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2020) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. [66], As the myths tell of Loki changing gender on several occasions,[67][68] some modern works interpret or depict the deity as genderfluid. In 1889, Sophus Bugge theorized Loki to be variant of Lucifer of Christianity, an element of Bugge's larger effort to find a basis of Christianity in Norse mythology. [12], The goddess Iðunn interrupts, asking Bragi, as a service to his relatives and adopted relatives, not to say words of blame to Loki in Ægir's hall. All you need is love and a cat named Loki: Notebook for cat lovers|Funny... Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike, Laidoner, T. "The Flying Noaidi of the North: SaÌmi Tradition Reflected in the Figure Loki Laufeyjarson in Old Norse Mythology. The first stanza notes that Loki produced "the wolf" with the jötunn Angrboða, that Loki himself gave birth to the horse Sleipnir by the stallion Svaðilfari, and that Loki (referred to as the "brother of Býleistr") thirdly gave birth to "the worst of all marvels". This figure is sometimes theorized as depicting the bound Loki. [57], The mid-11th century Gosforth Cross has been interpreted as featuring various figures from Norse mythology and, like the Kirkby Stephen Stone, is also located in Cumbria. A dea Hludana is also remembered in votive inscriptions of lower Germany and Holland. The King's Heart: An Epic of Loki, King of Asgard. He is brave and warlike; in the Ragnarök he will face the hellhound Garm (Garmr), and they will kill each other. The two eat as quickly as they can and meet at the midpoint of the trencher. The four seek shelter for the night. Hævatein the twig is named, and Lopt plucked it, Freyja, indignant and angry, goes into a rage, causing all of the halls of the Æsir to tremble in her anger, and her necklace, the famed Brísingamen, falls from her. Loki begat a female, Angrboda (Angrboða; “Boder of Sorrow”), and produced three evil progeny—the goddess of death, Hel, the monstrous serpent surrounding the world, Jörmungand, and the wolf Fenrir (Fenrisúlfr), who lies chained until he will break loose in the Ragnarök. Loki was bound to a rock as punishment just like Prometheus and Tantalus in Greek Mythology. Jahrhundert wirklich Sigyn und den gefesselten Loki darstellt, ist nicht gesichert.[5]. William Sayers attempts an explanation where Loki is seen as an inventive fixer who unlocks bogged-down situations with his dynamic words and actions, while another aspect of his character centres around him being the ‘blamer’, accusing and judging people around him. [20], Sif, wife of Thor, goes forth and pours Loki a glass of mead into a crystal cup in a prose narrative. [47], The four travelers continue their journey until midday. [15], The goddess Freyja declares that Loki must be mad, stating that Frigg knows all fate, yet she does not speak it. Calling the gods arrogant, Loki asks why they are unable to speak, and demands that they assign him a seat and a place for him at the feast, or tell him to leave. Family Loki’s father was Fárbauti and his mother was […] Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. The eight-legged horse of Odin, Sleipnir, was born of Loki in the shape of a mare. Hreidmar responds that if he had known this before, he would have taken their lives, yet that he believes those are not yet born whom the curse is intended for, and that he doesn't believe him. Dies geht auf eine Verwechslung Wagners mit dem Riesen Logi (deutsch „Lohe, Flamme“) zurück, der ein Feind Lokis war. Many of his exploits caused great damage or hurt, but he was usually quick enough to restore order and prevent complete disaster. The prose introduction to Reginsmál details that, while the hero Sigurd was being fostered by Regin, son of Hreidmar, Regin tells him that once the gods Odin, Hœnir, and Loki went to Andvara-falls, which contained many fish. "[44], In chapter 44, Third reluctantly relates a tale where Thor and Loki are riding in Thor's chariot, which is pulled by his two goats. Daraufhin wurde er mit dem Gedärm seines Sohnes Narvi gefesselt, welches sich dann in Eisen verwandelte. [45], Minus the goats, Thor, Loki, and the two children continue east until they arrive at a vast forest in Jötunheimr. Olrik further cites several different types of plants named after Loki. [31], Loki is sent to retrieve the gold, and Loki goes to the goddess Rán, borrows her net, and then goes back to the Andvara-falls. High describes Loki as "pleasing and handsome" in appearance, malicious in character, "very capricious in behaviour", and as possessing "to a greater degree than others" learned cunning, and "tricks for every purpose", often getting the Æsir into trouble, and then getting them out of it with his trickery. Loki may be depicted on the Snaptun Stone, the Kirkby Stephen Stone, and the Gosforth Cross. The richest amount of information on Loki can be mined from Snorri Sturluson’s Prose Edda (c. 1220 CE, one of our main sources on Norse mythology) – albeit seen through the goggles of a 13th-century CE Icelandic mythology geek from a time Christianity had already taken hold of the island. The stallion Svaðilfari performs twice the deeds of strength as the builder, and hauls enormous rocks—to the surprise of the gods. Njörðr responds that this was his reward when he was sent as a hostage to the Æsir, and that he fathered his son (Freyr), whom no one hates, and is considered a prince of the Æsir. Groeneveld, E. (2017, November 17). The stone is housed and on display at the Moesgård Museum near Aarhus, Denmark. Odin responds that even if this is true, Loki (in a story otherwise unattested) once spent eight winters beneath the earth as a woman milking cows, and during this time bore children. The four see Útgarða-Loki, the king of the castle, sitting. The goddess Skaði says that while Loki now appears light-hearted and "playing" with his "tail-wagging", he will soon be bound with his ice-cold son's guts on a sharp rock by the gods. Loki replies that Bragi is brave when seated, calling him a "bench-ornament", and that Bragi would run away when troubled by an angry, spirited man. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 17 Nov 2017. Baldr’s death and the trickery that caused it disrupts the harmony among the gods and paves the way for the coming of Ragnarök, in which the gods fight the encroaching forces of the Underworld and the world is eventually engulfed in fire and destroyed. Loki and his three children by Angrboda were all bound in some way, and were all destined to break free at Ragnarok to wreak havoc on the world. In 1961, by way of excluding all non-Scandinavian mythological parallels in her analysis, Anna Birgitta Rooth concluded that Loki was originally a spider. The mare runs to the wood, Svaðilfari follows, and the builder chases after. Daraufhin wird er den Angriff der Riesen auf Asgard anführen und so Ragnarök, den Weltuntergang verursachen. In terms of family, Snorri’s Prose Edda has Loki down as son of the giant Fárbauti and a mother named Laufey or Nál. [50], The next morning the group gets dressed and prepares to leave the keep. [19], The god Heimdallr says that Loki is drunk and witless, and asks Loki why he won't stop speaking. In addition, Loki is referred to as the father of Váli in Prose Edda, though this source also refers to Odin as the father of Váli twice, and Váli is found mentioned as a son of Loki only once. Only when she leaves to empty it does the poison sting his face, making him tremble so much that the earth quakes. Loki ends the poetic verses of Lokasenna with a final stanza: Ale you brewed, Ægir, and you will never again hold a feast; [33], Loki returns, and the three gods give Hreidmar the money from the gold hoard and flatten out the otter skin, stretch out its legs, and heap gold atop it, covering it. Býleistr and Helblindi were his brothers, and with his wife Sigyn he had a son named Nari or Narfi. [34], In Baldr draumar, Odin has awoken a deceased völva in Hel, and questions her repeatedly about his son Baldr's bad dreams. Loki (Lodur, Loge, Lofn, auch Loptr, nord. Another myth in which he appears as Rigr (Rígr), a name probably derived from the Irish rí (“king”), makes Heimdall the father of mankind. Byggvir (referred to in the prose introduction to the poem as a servant of Freyr) says that if he had as noble a lineage and as an honorable a seat as Freyr, he would grind down Loki, and make all of his limbs lame. Sometimes he was presented as a dark-haired Semitic fifth columnist among the Nordic Aesir, but sometimes he was described as a Nordic Prometheus, a heroic bearer of culture". In both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda, the goddess Skaði is responsible for placing a serpent above him while he is bound. Thor says that he is unable to say he did well, noting that he is particularly annoyed that Útgarða-Loki will now speak negatively about him. Laufey (oder Nal) und gilt daher auch als Riese. He is however thwarted by Loki, who personally sees to it that Hel’s requirements are not met, and although Loki is then captured by the other gods and tied to a rock with a poison-oozing snake suspended above him, his wife Sigyn catches the worst of it in a bowl. Written by Emma Groeneveld, published on 17 November 2017 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Aufgrund dieser ambivalenten Rolle wird er häufig als Trickster-Figur interpretiert. Iðunn says that she will not say words of blame in Ægir's hall, and affirms that she quietened Bragi, who was made talkative by beer, and that she doesn't want the two of them to fight. Loki says that Odin does a poor job in handing out honor in war to men, and that he's often given victory to the faint-hearted. Balder stirbt. Loki: GreekMythology.com - Nov 01, 2020, Greek Mythology iOS Volume Purchase Program VPP for Education App. Loki's wife is named Sigyn, and they have a son named "Nari or Narfi". In his study of Loki's appearance in Scandinavian folklore in the modern period, Danish folklorist Axel Olrik cites numerous examples of natural phenomena explained by way of Lokke in popular folk tradition, including rising heat. Scholars have debated Loki's origins and role in Norse mythology, which some have described as that of a trickster god. The old woman Thor wrestled was in fact old age (Elli, Old Norse "old age"), and there is no one that old age cannot bring down. According to an Eddic lay, Loki ate the heart of an evil woman and grew pregnant. Die Bedeutung seines Namens ist ungesichert und ist wahrscheinlich eine Kurzform zu Loptr, was altnordisch „der Luftige“ oder „Luftgott“ bedeutet. The builder, with Svaðilfari, makes fast progress on the wall, and three days before the deadline of summer, the builder is nearly at the entrance to the fortification. Loki in a god who had the ability to change his shape and sex. Skaði says that, with these events in mind, "baneful advice" will always come from her "sanctuaries and plains" to Loki. Thor agrees to lift a large, gray cat in the hall but finds that it arches his back no matter what he does, and that he can raise only a single paw. all your possessions which are here inside— During her Master's she focused on Herodotus as well as the juicy politics of ancient courts, but more recently she has been immersing herself in everything prehistoric. With the onset of Ragnarök, Loki is foretold to slip free from his bonds and to fight against the gods among the forces of the jötnar, at which time he will encounter the god Heimdallr, and the two will slay each other. The story is about an unnamed builder who has offered to build a fortification for the gods that will keep out invaders in exchange for the goddess Freyja, the sun, and the moon. Thereupon reconciliation was made with her on the part of the Æsir. Þrymr sees Loki, and asks what could be amiss among the Æsir and the Elves; why is Loki alone in the Jötunheimr? According to Hans Jørgen Madsen, the Snaptun Stone is "the most beautifully made hearth-stone that is known." Loki claims each of the gods and elves that are present have been Freyja's lover. He was represented as the companion of the great gods Odin and Thor, helping them with his clever plans but sometimes causing embarrassment and difficulty for them and himself. [42], In chapter 42, High tells a story set "right at the beginning of the gods' settlement, when the gods at established Midgard and built Val-Hall". After some debate, the gods agree to these conditions, but place a number of restrictions on the builder, including that he must complete the work within three seasons without the help of any man. Aufgrund dieser und vieler anderen Missetaten beschlossen die anderen Gött… [9], Loki comes out of the woods, and meets Eldir outside of the hall. Andvari gives some background information about himself, including that he was cursed by a "norn of misfortune" in his "early days". Útgarða-Loki reveals that all was not what it seemed to the group. [29], Early in the evening, the disguised Loki and Thor meet with Þrymr and the assembled jötnar. we mixed our blood together? "Loki." Þrymr says that he has hidden Mjöllnir eight leagues beneath the earth, from which it will be retrieved if Freyja is brought to him as his wife. After World War II, four scholarly theories dominated. The notion of Loki survived into the modern period in the folklore of Scandinavia. Loki was also considered a god of fire. Dieser Begriff ist jedoch eher im Sinne von „Luftikus“ zu verstehen. The beginning of the world of giants, gods, and men. In Gestalt einer Stute gebar Loki von Svadilfari den Hengst Sleipnir. [60], Regarding scholarship on Loki, scholar Gabriel Turville-Petre comments (1964) that "more ink has been spilled on Loki than on any other figure in Norse myth. [6] In stanza 51, during the events of Ragnarök, Loki appears free from his bonds and is referred to as the "brother of Býleistr" (here transcribed as Byleist): A ship journeys from the east, Muspell's people are coming, A shape-shifter, Loki fathered and mothered many different creatures and animals … (Sayers, Article 2). Zu anderen Bedeutungen von, Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Nets and Snares: The Loki of Snorri’s Edda and the Christian Tradition, https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loki&oldid=204738025, Wikipedia:Defekte Weblinks/Ungeprüfte Archivlinks 2019-04, Wikipedia:LCCN in Wikipedia fehlt, in Wikidata vorhanden, „Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike“. His harshness could be due to him being an outsider (his parents were probably giants), all the while staying part of the divine family through his sworn brother Odin. "Loki." According to an early skaldic poem (c. 900), Idun, the wife of Bragi, was entrusted with the apples that prevent the gods from growing old. Loki "could not bear to hear that", and kills the servant Fimafeng. Loki in a god who had the ability to change his shape and sex. As they leave, Útgarða-Loki asks Thor how he thought he fared in the contests. Further, with the hoard, he will have red gold for the rest of his life. Loki responds by asking Andvari "what requital" does mankind get if "they wound each other with words". Various sources record Loki shape-shifting into a hawk; a fly & a flea; a salmon & a seal; and even a young maiden, an old hag & a mare. unless it were brought to both of us. Loki's positive relations with the gods end with his role in engineering the death of the god Baldr, and eventually, Váli binds Loki with the entrails of one of his sons. Not satisfied, Loki fathered three more (and rather unusual) children by the giantess Angrboda: the wolf Fenrir, the Midgard Serpent who coils around the world, and Hel, goddess of the Underworld (who unlike the first two is likely a later Christian addition rather than an original component of Viking Age mythology). Thor eats and drinks ferociously, consuming entire animals and three casks of mead. Seine Frau ist Sigyn, seine Söhne sind Narfi (auch Nari) und Vali. By the stallion Svaðilfari, Loki is the mother—giving birth in the form of a mare—to the eight-legged horse Sleipnir. Cunning Loki plays a trick to delay the giant causing him to miss his deadline, after which he throws a hissy fit and threatens the gods, but is slain by Thor, leaving Freyja free. The serpent drips venom from above him that Sigyn collects into a bowl; however, she must empty the bowl when it is full, and the venom that drips in the meantime causes Loki to writhe in pain, thereby causing earthquakes. [32], Loki looks over the gold that Andvari possesses, and after Andvari hands over all of his gold, Andvari holds on to but a single ring; the ring Andvarinaut, which Loki also takes. At the entrance to the castle is a shut gate, and Thor finds that he cannot open it. Emma has studied History & Ancient History. Information about the Scandinavian gods is based chiefly on poetry composed late in the pagan period and on the remarks of outside observers, who generally had little interest in what they considered to be heathendom. All four sleep beneath an oak tree near Skrymir in fear. The skaldic god Bragi is the first to respond to Loki by telling him that Loki will not have a seat and place assigned to him by the gods at the feast, for the gods know what men they should invite. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Loki/. Als Loki den Liebling der Götter, durch Hödur, Balder tötet, beginnt das Verhältnis der Asen Loki gegenüber in Hass um zuschlagen. Wenn das der Fall ist, trifft das Gif Lokis Gesicht, er windet sich unter Schmerzen und es gibt ein Erdbeben. Thor slaughters his goats, prepares them, puts them in a pot, and Loki and Thor sit down for their evening meal. The first of the four theories is that of Folke Ström, who in 1956 concluded that Loki is a hypostasis of the god Odin. Loki (Old Norse: [ˈloki], Modern Icelandic: [ˈlɔːkɪ], often Anglicized as /ˈloʊki/) is a god in Norse mythology. Loki may originally have been more of a hero, playing important parts in the stories not just in a negative way but also relating to the helpful side of his trickery. Er wurde durch die Blutsbrüderschaft mit Odin in das Geschlecht der Asen aufgenommen. The name has at times been associated with the Old Norse word logi ('flame'), but there seems not to be a sound linguistic basis for this. In his Germania, Tacitus described the worship of a goddess, Nerthus, on an island, probably in the Baltic Sea. When the Ragnarök draws near, he will blow his ringing horn (Gjallarhorn). Freyja pointedly refuses. Web. Loki consumed all of the meat off of the bones on his side, yet Logi had not only consumed his meat, but also the bones and the trencher itself. In the “Ynglinga saga,” Odin’s brothers Vili and Vé share her during his absence in a polyandric relationship similar to that of Draupadī in Hindu myth. The gods realized that these three children were being raised in Jötunheimr, and expected trouble from them partially due to the nature of Angrboða, but worse yet Loki. Die Göttin Skadi befestigt eine Giftschlange über Loki, aus deren Kiefer unablässig Gift auf ihn tropft, vor dem ihn seine Gattin Sigyn nur zeitweise mit einer Schale schützen kann, die sie über ihn hält. Heimdall is of mysterious origin: he is the son of nine mothers, said to be sisters, all of whom bear names of giantesses, though they are mostly identified with the storm waves. Andvari, now in the form of a dwarf, goes into a rock, and tells Loki that the gold will result in the death of two brothers, will cause strife between eight princes, and will be useless to everyone. There, the gods praise Ægir's servers Fimafeng and Eldir. Loki first appears in the Prose Edda in chapter 20 of the book Gylfaginning, where he is referred to as the "ás called Loki" while the enthroned figure of Third explains to "Gangleri" (King Gylfi in disguise) the goddess Frigg's prophetic abilities while citing a stanza of Lokasenna. Acknowledging that Thor has arrived, Loki asks Thor why he is raging, and says that Thor will not be so bold to fight against the wolf when he swallows Odin at Ragnarök. In: Göppinger Arbeiten zur Germanistik Nr. Afterward, she was bathed in a lake and returned to her grove, but those who participated in her lustration were drowned in the lake as a sacrifice to thank her for her blessings. The Snaptun Stoneby Bloodofox (Public Domain). Beyla (referred to in the prose introduction to the poem as a servant of Freyr) says that all of the mountains are shaking, that she thinks Thor must be on his way home, and when Thor arrives he will bring peace to those that quarrel there. Although they would also fight, the Vanir were not essentially gods of battle, like the Aesir. Books Bragi responds that he will give a horse, sword, and ring from his possessions so that he does not repay the gods "with hatred". “Loki” by Mårten Eskil Winge (1890) Loki had always been more of a burden than a help to the other gods and goddesses. In Richard Wagners Ring des Nibelungen taucht die Figur des Loki als Loge auf. [11], Odin then asks his silent son Víðarr to sit up, so that Loki (here referred to as the "wolf's father") may sit at the feast, and so that he may not speak words of blame to the gods in Ægir's hall. By the jötunn Angrboða, Loki is the father of Hel, the wolf Fenrir, and the world serpent Jörmungandr. Loki kann sich in vielerlei Gestalten verwandeln: Fisch, Adler Stute, Fliege und alte Frau. Rather, the later Scandinavian variants of the name (such as Faroese Lokki, Danish Lokkemand, Norwegian Loke and Lokke, Swedish Luki and Luku, along with Finnish Lukki) point to an origin in the Germanic root *luk-, which denoted things to do with loops (like knots, hooks, closed-off rooms, and locks). Loki is a shape shifter and in separate incidents appears in the form of a salmon, a mare, a fly, and possibly an elderly woman named Þökk (Old Norse 'thanks'). In turn, Þjálfi races against a figure by the name of Hugi three times and thrice loses. Now late at night, Útgarða-Loki shows the group to their rooms and they are treated with hospitality. Er ist Sohn des Riesen Farbauti und der Göttin Laufey und damit halb Gott, halb Riese. During her pageant, there was rejoicing and peace, and all weapons were laid aside. The god Heimdall (Heimdal[l]r) is particularly interesting, but rather enigmatic. Loki was also considered a god of fire. A number of minor deities are also ranked among the Aesir. Tying in with the fact that Loki had no cult attached to him, there is really no proper archaeological record featuring Loki. Ancient History Encyclopedia. The gods convene, and figure out who is responsible, resulting in a unanimous agreement that, along with most trouble, Loki is to blame (here referred to as Loki Laufeyjarson—his surname derived from his mother's name, Laufey). [54], In 1950, a semi-circular flat stone featuring a depiction of a mustachioed face was discovered on a beach near Snaptun, Denmark. Loki is mentioned in stanza 13 of the Norwegian rune poem in connection with the Younger Futhark Bjarkan rune: Birch has the greenest leaves of any shrub; According to Bruce Dickins, the reference to "Loki's deceit" in the poem "is doubtless to Loki's responsibility for Balder's death".
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