new york 1900
The modern five boroughs, comprising the city of New York, were united in 1898. Most new arrivals already had some idea of what they were coming to, from family letters and widely available pamphlet literature. [54] Horses were used for transportation in 1900, as they had been throughout the history of the city. [15] Tammany Hall went along, under the new leadership of Charles Francis Murphy. He secured his place in history as a tough-minded reform mayor who helped clean out corruption, bring in gifted experts, and fix upon the city a broad sense of responsibility for its own citizens. New York boasted the nation's strongest financial system, a large upscale market for luxury goods, and a flourishing high culture based on many philanthropists, museums, galleries, universities, artists, writers, and publications. There were 200,000 of them in the city, producing nearly 2,500 short tons (2,300 t) of manure daily. On April 13, 1913, the 60 feet (18 m) Titanic Memorial Lighthouse in Lower Manhattan was constructed on the roof of the Seamen's Church Institute. Increased immigration of unskilled Catholic and Jewish workers from Southern and Eastern Europe expanded the labor force until the World War ended immigration in 1914. The favorite activities included games of chance such as cards, dice and numbers, and betting on sports events, chiefly horse racing. The city also expanded its port facilities, improved its traffic system, built hundreds of new elementary and high schools, and engaged in large-scale public health programs. Torsten Feys, "Where All Passenger Liners Meet: New York as a Nodal Point for the Transatlantic Migrant Trade, 1885–1895,". Many became entrepreneurs setting up small shops; the majority operated sewing machines and worked in the city's many small clothing factories. There were massive building projects including highways, bridges, public housing, new schools, and expansion of the Brooklyn Navy Yard. [34], Columbia University developed an international reputation as a major research center in a wide range of the arts, sciences, humanities, and medical fields. [8], There was no citywide machine. Robert Moses and the Modern City: The Transformation of New York (2007). Gabriel Goldstein and Elizabeth Greenberg. [4] The city went through an enormous growth in population, industry, and wealth. [43] Hearst became a leader of the left wing of the Democratic Party and was nearly elected mayor in 1905 and governor in 1906. [82] By 1917, New York was funding the world war efforts of Britain, France and for other Allies. On June 15, 1904, over 1,000 people, mostly German ethnics, were killed when the excursion steamship General Slocum caught fire and burned in the East River. [53] Street cleaning became a major item of the city budget and produced the sort of jobs that the machines wanted to distribute to their working class clientele. Pedestrian promenade on the Brooklyn Bridge, 1909. The union was much larger and stronger than the hundreds of small shops with which it dealt. The major achievements included the building of the subway system by private enterprise. New York University in 1890 was still primarily an undergraduate school with a strong Protestant flavor. [93] The first is a boom period during 1898–1929, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. Passenger steamships also carried steerage passengers at low rates. It promoted a reform image itself, sponsored reformers as mayor, and downplayed overt forms of corruption, graft, and bribery. [75][76] He opposed the massive subway expansions proposed in 1929 and 1939. An emphasis was placed on expertise and scientific organization of large scale projects. The congestion at the port led experts to realize the need for a port authority to supervise the extremely complex system of bridges, highways, subways, and port facilities in the New York-New Jersey area. Officials blamed anarchist and communist elements, fueling the ongoing Palmer raids, but the culprits were never caught. They typically had strong neighborhood organizations, known as "political clubs", as well as one prominent leader often called "the boss". Different areas had distinct personalities to them and people who lived in different neighborhoods even began to speak with particular accents- having been influenced linguistically by Jewish, German, Italian, and other immigrant communities. Tammany Hall from the 1880s and onward built a strong network of local clubs that attracted ambitious middle-class ethnics. New York um 1900 - [GEO] Mit mehr als drei Millionen Einwohnern ist New York um 1900 nach London die zweitgrößte Stadt der Welt: Was sich hier durchsetzt, in Wirtschaft, Technik, Kultur, wird rasch woanders kopiert Broad Street bustling with activity, 1905. [71] Unemployment was a major problem in the Depression years, but New Deal relief agencies such as the Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration provided considerable employment on an equal basis. The most famous racing venue was Belmont Park, a complex of five race courses, a 12,000 seat grandstand and multiple stables, centered around a lavish clubhouse. Tin Pan Alley developed toward Broadway, and the first modern musical, Jerome Kern's Show Boat, opened in 1927, as the theater district moved north of 42nd Street. New York has long had a reputation for being a city full of diversity. [56] A few tens of thousands of people died in the "Spanish flu" epidemic of 1918–1919. The Pennsylvania Station, a similarly large and grand railway station several blocks to the west that was torn down in 1963, had opened in 1910. The city became known for innovation and elegance in architecture and culture, but also for gang violence, corruption, and poverty. The (mostly Irish) police broke it up and beat many of the men attacking the factory. The metropolis became a major landing spot for both newly-arrived immigrants and for Americans seeking a new life in the big city. Those who came to America as young girls picked up English quickly, but the older they were on arrival, the harder the language appeared. ", Ileen A. DeVault, "Workshop to Office: Two Generations of Italian Women in New York City, 1900–1950,", Sydney Stahl Weinberg, "Longing To Learn: The Education of Jewish Immigrant Women in New York City, 1900–1934,", Harold S. Wechsler, "The Rationale for Restriction: Ethnicity and College Admission in America, 1910–1980,", George E. Pozzetta, "The Italian Immigrant Press of New York City: The Early Years, 1880–1915. All rights reserved. New York City dominated the national industry, with Chicago and Los Angeles trailing far behind. [70] Sustained civil rights activism took place in the 1930s and 1940s, often led by Baptists minister Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., who was elected to the United States Congress in 1942. ", Steven C. Swett, "The Test of a Reformer: A Study of Seth Low, New York City Mayor, 1902–1903,". Probably most saw their dreams realized in their children rather than themselves. [36] In addition there were many smaller specialized schools such as Wagner College (Lutheran), Yeshiva University (Jewish), St. John's University (Catholic), Pratt Institute, Juilliard School of Music, Parsons School of Design, Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, and The New School for Social Research. The most famous writers included Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay, and Zora Neale Hurston. But in 1906 Tammany cut a deal and supported Hearst for governor, so McClellan broke with the machine. [40][41] The ethnic papers played a major role in keeping immigrants in touch with the old country. The Catholic school system grew from an enrollment of 79,000 in 1900, to 286,000 in 1930, peaking at 332,000 in 1960. [91], The city played a major role in publicizing and financing World War I, as well as producing uniforms and warships. Local ethnic gangs controlled their neighborhood turfs and beat up boys who wandered across the line. Families sitting on a dock as recreation, New York, 1900. After enthusiastically supporting Franklin Roosevelt for president in 1932, he broke with Franklin D. Roosevelt, moved to the right, and became a critic of the New Deal, using his national magazines and New York Journal to confront Roosevelt's agenda.[44]. On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Greenwich Village took the lives of 145 mostly Italian and Jewish female garment workers, which eventually led to great advancements in the city's fire department, building codes, and workplace regulations. New York City (AE: [nuːˈjɔɹk ˈsɪɾi], kurz: New York, deutsch veraltet: Neuyork oder Newyork, Abkürzung: NYC) ist eine Weltstadt an der Ostküste der Vereinigten Staaten.Sie liegt im Bundesstaat New York und ist mit rund 8,4 Millionen Einwohnern die bevölkerungsreichste Stadt der Vereinigten Staaten.. The city went through an enormous growth in popu… They were attacked by workers or boys throwing debris from the factory windows. The New York Times had shrunk to almost nothing by the 1890s. The Short Tail Gang photographed under a pier in Corlear’s Hook in 1887. Groups of unattended children worked as peddlers, newspaper boys, shoeshiners, and smugglers- eeking out a living however they could. By issuing its own bonds, it was financially independent of either state; the bonds were paid off from tolls and fees, and not from taxes. Jackson, Kenneth T. and Hillary Ballon, eds. The reform movement was strongest in the 1890s. Tens of thousands of adults took correspondence courses through the mail. [10] Republican local organizations were much weaker, but they played key roles in forming reform coalitions. Historian Miriam Cohen, however, says that these more modern attitudes were caused by changing opportunities for all young women in New York. In 1883 when it was completed the Brooklyn Bridge was the largest suspension bridge in the world. The working-class was served by hundreds of neighborhood gambling parlors, featuring faro card games, and the omnipresent policy shops where poor folks could bet a few pennies on the daily numbers, and be quickly paid off so they could gamble again. However, the last large expansion of the subway system, combined with the merger of privately owned Interborough Rapid Transit and Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit subway companies with the city-owned Independent Subway System under city ownership, made the subway largely what it is today. With the Democratic Party in the city largely controlled by the conservative Irish, Dubinsky and Hillman and their unions formed a new political party in 1936, the American Labor Party. Not only did the increasing population mean that there was always something to buy or sell in the Big Apple, but the ports of New York had a steady flow of both imports and exports. Owned and operated by Great Life Publishing, a GreaterGood company. By 1900 it grew even more dominant and was starting to approach London as a world financial center. [26][27] One serious episode took place in 1902, when the procession of 25,000 to 50,000 Jews marching for the funeral of Jacob Joseph, the chief rabbi of the Orthodox community, passed the Hoe factory. [73], The Jazz Age featured celebrities, among the most notable in the city were Madame Polly Adler; jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald; dancer Martha Graham; speakeasy host Texas Guinan; publisher Henry Luce of Time magazine; writer Dorothy Parker and the pundits at the Algonquin Hotel; editor Harold Ross at The New Yorker magazine; and such nationally famous sports heroes as Babe Ruth and Bill Tilden.[74]. Heavy federal patronage helped convert the city into a stronghold of the New Deal Coalition and the model of heavy government spending on infrastructure.[2]. The Port of New York and New Jersey was the largest American port by far, serving both passenger and merchant vessels. He succeeded with the support of a sympathetic president who was equally hostile to Tammany Hall. [11][12] Seth Low, the president of Columbia University, was elected the reform mayor in 1901. It focused on ready-made clothing for men, and provided banks, recreation, medical care, and even restaurants and housing for the membership. It became one of the major agencies of the New York metropolitan area to handle large-scale projects, especially under the leadership of Austin Tobin. Mitchel's support for the Allies in the World War alienated Germans, and the working classes were alarmed at his plans for vocational education. [29] The availability of free public education through high school was especially attractive to poor Jewish immigrants who placed a high value on human capital. The spirit of the progressive era infused New York politics, energizing the reformers with a condemnation of inefficiency, waste, and corruption. Immigrant families continued establishing themselves, and more started moving into the neighborhoods outside of Manhattan; in a sign of municipal maturation, the 1920 census showed Brooklyn for the first time overtaking Manhattan as the most populous borough. Via/ NYPL Digital Collections. After 1928, scandal engulfed City Hall. Starting in the early 1800s, the city became a hub of activity. Au début de l’année 1900, New York devient la plus grande ville du pays avec 3 437 202 habitants, nombre qui a notamment augmenté avec l’arrivée des immigrants venus d’Europe. An entirely different group of 1.4 million poor Yiddish-speaking Jews from Russia and Eastern Europe fled pogroms and anti-Semitism between 1880 and 1914. 1918, I.N. But the great period of European immigration which had only just passed its peak was halted abruptly by the Immigration Act of 1924 which severely limited further immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. Via/ Library of Congress. ", Daniel Czitrom, "Underworlds and underdogs: Big Tim Sullivan and metropolitan politics in New York, 1889–1913,", Marvin G. Weinbaum, "New York County Republican Politics, 1897–1922: The Quarter-Century After Municipal Consolidation. It ran a ticket only in New York State, where it enthusiastically endorsed Roosevelt's three re-elections. Starting in the early 1800s, the city became a hub of activity. Mord im Theater: Ließ Alexander der Große seinen Vater töten? Many early skyscrapers, including several of the world's tallest buildings, were erected in Manhattan as well. The New York Stock Exchange was the national focus of wealth making and speculation until its shares suddenly collapsed late in 1929, setting off the worldwide Great Depression.[83]. Via/ Library of Congress. However, recent historical research shows that the factory workers were mostly Germans, not Irish, and that the police were following standard practice in quelling a riot. He defeated a corrupt Democratic machine, presided during the Depression and world war, made the city the model for New Deal welfare and public works programs, and championed immigrants and ethnic minorities. Riesige NYC POSTCARD-Kollektion - Instant Download - 50 verschiedene Vintage New York City druc… Charles Murphy was the highly effective but quiet boss of Tammany Hall from 1902–1924. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 6. [58] Prominent players included Reggie Vanderbilt and John Bet-a-Million Gates. [45] Reaction to the disaster spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, and took place in the context of broader union movements coordinated by the American Federation of Labor. The total population was 3.4 million in 1900, leaping to 5.6 million in 1920 and leveling off at 7.9 million in 1950. The building of the New York City Subway opened with the first IRT line in 1904. The Mean Streets of New York in 1900. [48] Straus Park, on the Upper West Side, commemorates Isidor Straus and his wife Ida, who both died in the disaster. By 1928 the establishment won out; the Communists only controlled the Furriers union, which they ruled by paramilitary violence. The Brooklyn Navy Yard again increased its production of warships. Parkway planner Robert Moses took charge of building many bridges, parks, public housing units, and parkways with mainly federal money. When New York Governor Franklin Roosevelt became president, the Hooverville shacks named after his predecessor dotted city parks. Many young Jewish women nevertheless tried, opening their way to clerical and white-collar jobs. With the creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1913, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York became a powerful player under its dynamic president Benjamin Strong. Eine Zeitreise in Bildern. Via/ Library of Congress. However, they were finally overthrown in 1933 by reformers who elected and repeatedly re-elected Fiorello La Guardia. Reformers passed laws in the state legislature against any emerging gambling venue. ", Edward T. O'Donnell, "Hibernians Versus Hebrews? Three reformers became mayor. Moses was a great proponent of automobile-centered modernism whose legacy of massive construction projects is still controversial. Jetzt auswählen und abonnieren – natürlich kostenlos! The recently completed Empire State Building would be known as the "Empty State Building" for many years because it could not attract sufficient tenants in the bleak business climate. Passenger ships flourished before the coming of transatlantic air carriers in the 1960s. The Great Depression brought a surge of unemployment, especially among the working class, and a slowing of growth. The race to the sky culminated in the dueling spires of two Art Deco icons—the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building—during the late 1920s. [7] Consolidation in 1898 multiplied the power of these reform groups, whenever they could agree on a common agenda such as consolidation itself. When the Communists infiltrated the Party in 1944, the ILGWU broke away and formed the Liberal Party of New York. [78], New York became the financial center of the United States before the Civil War, specializing in railroad securities. The construction of the Rockefeller Center also occurred during this time, becoming one of the largest-ever private development projects at the time. Without the colorful characters and the rapid growth that colored turn-of-the-century New York, it might not have become the rich, interesting place it still is today. Via/ NYPL Digital Collections. These two skyscrapers were not topped off until their soaring heights seemed rather overoptimistic. In sharp contrast to the leaders of Tammany, he cooperated very smoothly with Franklin Roosevelt both as governor and as president.[96]. Panhandlers -or beggars as they were known back then- held out baskets hoping passersby would be kind to them. [35], Fordham University took the lead among the Catholic colleges, adding a medical school, a law school, a business school, and other units. The stench was so strong that urbanites welcomed motor vehicles as a profound relief. Andrew Carnegie dominated steel until he sold out to Morgan in 1901. Progressive Era reformers strongly promoted free public schooling through high school, on the assumption that ignorance was a waste and that learning developed the personality as well as skills needed in a modernizing society. Dock workers loading cotton, 1906. It grew rapidly in its first two decades and took credit for abolishing sewing work in the tenements, establishing a six-day, 54-hour week, writing union contracts that gave preference to ILGWU members applying for a job, and setting up arbitration machinery. [32], Catholic priests strongly recommended parochial schools at least for elementary students and were rapidly expanding the Catholic high school system, especially for German and Irish youth whose families had been in the city for decades. The large printing industry was scarcely affected. [20], European immigration escalated exponentially during the early 20th century; the new arrivals were mostly Catholics or Jews, especially Italians and Poles as well as Yiddish-speaking Jews from Eastern Europe. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 3. Under the leadership of Sidney Hillman, it played a central role in forming the militant Congress of Industrial Organizations in the mid-1930s, and giving Hillman a powerful voice in the New Deal Coalition. They arrested 11 of the Jews and 4 of the factory workers. After 1900, Columbia had a reputation as heavily academic and was no longer attractive to upper-class young men. The economy of New York City prospered after 1896, with a few short dips, until the decade-long Great Depression, which began with a Wall Street stock market crash in late 1929. An economic and developmental resurgence began in the late 1980s and continued through the 1990s. Jackson, Kenneth T. and David S. Dunbar, eds. 1928, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_City_(1898–1945)&oldid=979138691, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Gurock, Jeffrey S. "Writing New York's Twentieth Century Jewish History: A Five Borough Journey,". [79][80] There were thousands of successful bankers and financiers; a central figure was J.P. Morgan, whose House of Morgan set up national financing programs for the steel, agricultural implements, shipping, and other industries. However it began adding graduate programs, a law school and a medical school, as well as a graduate school of education and a business school. Under the leadership of David Dubinsky, the ILGWU became a major supporter of Roosevelt's New Deal, and it grew rapidly in membership in the late 1930s and during World War II.[86]. It was a major blow to the German-American community. There were numerous ethnic papers. Beggar on the street in NYC in 1900. [59] The chief competitor to Canfield was the "Bronze Door," operated 1891-1917 by syndicate of gamblers closely linked to the Democratic machine represented by Tammany Hall. At the same time that poverty and crime were growing problems, the Gilded Age saw a number of elite New York families build vast mansions adorned with every conceivable ornament and convenience. There was fear of German sabotage, especially in the aftermath of the Black Tom explosion in 1916. The era began with the formation of the consolidated city of the five boroughs in 1898, with a total population of 3.4 million. [48], The Malbone Street Wreck, the worst disaster in the history of any rapid transit system in the United States, occurred on November 1, 1918. The 1939 New York World's Fair, marking the 150th anniversary of George Washington's inauguration in Federal Hall, was a high point of technological optimism, meant to mark the end of the Depression. [81] John D. Rockefeller, of Standard Oil, expanded from a dominant position in oil to other industries as well as banking. New transportation links, especially the New York City Subway, opened in 1904, bound together the new metropolis. William Jay Gaynor, reform judge, won the Tammany nomination in 1909. After the canal's opening in 1825, New York City became the most important center for commerce on the continent, and New York became known as The Empire State. [55], The city took the lead internationally to combat diphtheria, an often fatal disease that struck thousands of children annually. Par là même, la ville devient la première ville cosmopolite du monde dans laquelle les cultures se mélangent. [52], Cleanliness was a heavily promoted virtue, supported by the middle class and led by the public health community of physicians and experts. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 5.
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