requête administrative
The service grouped individuals too young or too old to qualify for regular combat units, though it included other volunteers and those released from frontline troops due to injuries. [305] With the emergence of competitive Traditionalist organisations,[306] Romero re-set a progresist organisation in France in 1971,[307] while various other hermandades pursued their own political paths, which usually centred around late Francoist ideas and Don Juan Carlos. in 1969 representatives of Hermandad de Maestrazgo were admitted by Don Juan Carlos shortly after his taking oath as the future king of Spain, Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 177, Hermandad de Maestrazgo was revitalized in the 1970s, possibly in collusion with state services, as the new Carlist pro-Francoist organization, Canal 2000, p. 374. [146][147] Although standardization efforts encountered some resistance in regions like Catalonia,[148] the organisation gained momentum beyond Navarre. [323] The death notices are still being published today, though most refer to "the last living combatant" from a specific region or battalion. in the town of Andoaín a bridge named “Puente de Navarra” is considered remnant of the Francoist heritage; before 1936 the bridge was named “Puente del Matadero Viejo”. [157] At the time the chief concern was weapons, with small arms being smuggled from France[158] or procured internally; in early 1935 the organization owned 450 machine-guns. [3] In 1907 a local review in Lo Mestre Titas was referred to as "portavoz del requeté escolar" which present-day scholars consider an unofficial mouthpiece of local juvenile Carlism. [25] Basic governing structures began to emerge. the owner concerned accordingly, allowing him a period of one month within which to make, in writing, whatever statement best serves his interests. 193, 234-237, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, pp. e.g. División Organica, a cavalry division, a reserve brigade and a Moroccan division, Aróstegui 2013, pp. [133], In the late summer of 1931 the Comité focused on expanding and reorganising Requeté. [262], In the early 1950s wartime ex-combatants approached or were in their 40s. Le délai pour contester une décision de l'administration est en principe de deux mois à compter de : 1. la notification de l'acte contesté (la réception par voie postale ou la remise en main propre), s'il s'agit d'un acte individuel dont le requérant e… In 1958 the "Comisión Técnica Nacional del Requeté" was noted for its lengthy political analysis. Some scholars claim the handover between Varela and Rada took place in late 1935, Aróstegui 2013, p. 86, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 223 González Calleja 2011, p. 372, Vallverdú i Martí 2008, pp. Its protagonist is a teenage boy who travels across the war mayhem trying to find his older requeté brother. Translate texts with the world's best machine translation technology, developed by the creators of Linguee. he fails, without good reason, to appear on the appointed day for the completion of the procedures enumerated in article 273 et seq. [247] Propaganda activities often led to skirmishes with FET or security forces. [308] In 1972–1973 some of them failed to revitalise the anti-Huguista Carlist movement. they were typically commemorative annual rallies in Montserrat, Montejurra or Poblet, also the annual feast known as Mártires de la Tradición, or minor local events, Miralles Climent 2018, p. 167, Canal 2000, p. 347. this was the case of Luis Elizalde, Miralles Climent 2018, p. 396, the Carloctavistas formed a uniformed group styled as "Tercio Carlos VII". [228] In Navarre there were approximately 3,000 people executed,[229] but no source does not calculate the number of casualties the Carlists were responsible for. Some claim that "even when, from 1959 on, uniformed requetés did begin to line up on the morning of Montejurra, the ceremony still remained much more relaxed than the strictly regulated events staged by the Government. [46][47], Propaganda activities included sales of party periodicals,[48] distributing free press,[49] leafleting,[50] or tearing down street materials of competitive groups. [107] In many cases it was the requeté youth who assaulted premises that they deemed hostile or tried to disrupt rallies by the opposition. S.Miguel reported 21 KIA, Aróstegui 2013, p. 281; Mola reported at least 11 KIA, Aróstegui 2013, p. 644; Oriamendi reported at least 10 KIA, Aróstegui 2013, p. 474; figures for other 5 battalions assumed to be comparable, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Asociación Para la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Requetés&oldid=985390828, Military units and formations of the Spanish Civil War, Paramilitary organisations based in Spain, Articles that may contain original research from June 2020, All articles that may contain original research, Articles needing more viewpoints from June 2020, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles needing more viewpoints from October 2020, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, N.S.d.Begoña, N.S.d.Camino, Lácar, Montejurra, Navarra, Oriamendi, V.Blanca, Castellano-Mola, Lácar, Montejurra, S.Miguel, Oriamendi, Ortiz d.Zárate, N.S.d.Pilar, V.Blanca. [275], Márquez de Prado thought about assisting Cuban counter-revolutionaries and to OAS in Algeria,[276] and a police report from 1962 claimed that the organisations were "perfectly organized". [255] Displaying a badge in public or holding a Requeté ID card could have been grounds for detention,[256][257] but the presence of small uniformed groups was usually tolerated during ex-combatant or religious events. [260] In the late-1940s–early 1950s the administration condoned public appearances of a Requeté-styled group which accompanied an offshoot carloctavista claimant cultivated by the regime. Olaechea from the pulpit denounced the reported requeté practice of “matar unos rojillos cada vez que enterraban a uno de los suyos”, Julian Leal, Ezcurra was nominated jefe of Navarrese requeté on August 7, 1936, Mikelarena Peña 2015, p. 266, Badiola Ariztimuño 2015, p. 143; “Carlist requetés making a republican lie in the form of a cross before hacking off his limbs to the cry of ‘Long live Christ the King!’”, Mikelarena Peña 2015, p. 21. [161], In Navarre the organization was powerful enough to seize control over the region almost single-handedly;[162][163] it contributed to the capture of Western Aragón[164] and Gipuzkoa. Ayuntamiento de Montragón (Guipúzcoa) 8 Oct. 1936”, the original stone which honored Joaquín Muruzabal, considered the first fallen requeté of the civil war, was erected in late 1936, see. The province was among these of the highest repressive ratio in the entire Nationalist zone, Mikelarena Peña 2015, pp. Teamsters Canada a commencé à récolter des fruits de ses efforts auprès des travailleurs de, Teamsters Canada began reaping the benefits of its efforts with FedEx, En outre, les membres du public peuvent engager. Xurxo M. Ayán Vila, Sonia García Rodríguez. summarised KIA losses by tercio as given by Aróstegui 2013, pp. The translation is wrong or of bad quality. a 1942 police report about "grupos clandestinos del Requeté", Miralles Climent 2018, p. 138. Every branch was to be composed of 6 sections: Religión, Política y Sociología, Bellas Artes, Ciencias, Prensa and Sport, each with separate junta (president, secretary and 2 members). [136], In 1931 Colonel Eugenio Sanz de Lerín was appointed the Requeté chief instructor. [271], In 1959 the Navarrese jefé Francisco Javier Astraín complained about dissent within the regional organisation, which "siempre había en la provincia para encontrar un jefe de requeté"; he suggested appointing a new, strong-hand, military leader. [135] The decisions taken in late 1931 transformed Requeté into a new organisation. reportedly because the advent of World War One shifted attention, Eduardo G. Calleja, Julio Aróstegui Sánchez. [206] Requeté members were fully supervised by Junta Central and delegated to regular police structures in Comisaría de Investigación y Vigilancia, the key police branch busy with pursuit of presumed political enemies,[207] or in Delegación de Orden Público; some of them were later promoted to major positions. [345] The debate is still active and is currently stuck in various municipal administrative and judicial bodies. [110], When the president of France Raymond Poincaré travelled by train to Madrid, he was greeted in Catalonia with "¡Viva España y Alemania!" [337] In some cases, specific names like “Calle Montejurra” have been either altered slightly or allowed to remain unchanged. [318][319], "Requeté" is usually used to refer to various ex-combatant organisations, either engaged in post-Francoist rallies or commemorative feasts related to milestones of Carlist history. 194-195. an account from 1947 reads that "era fantástico". [105][106] In 1915 there was news on automobiles used during shooting incidents. “en los últimos años de ha hablado mucho de lo que se ha llamado ‘la memoria histórica’, aunque lo que se indica normalmente por este término no tiene nada que ver ni con la memoria ni con la historia. [124], In the late 1920s the organization sent protest letters and participated in religious services. In terms of street militancy at times Requeté was outpaced by AET, for Barcelona see Vallverdú i Martí 2008, pp. [338][339] Apart from names, remaining stones or objects related to Requeté have been targeted and removed, like the monument dedicated to Navarrese Brigades in Santander[340] and the Egirleta commemorative cross in Bilbao. [252] The largest riots occurred in 1945 in Pamplona. It was more commonly referred to as the persecution and capture of political opponents. 111-116, 284-286; for requeté performing similar “sacas” in Vascongadas see e.g. [220] However, the role of “executive arms” was assumed by lieutenants Benito Santesteban Martínez and Vicente Munárriz Sanz de Arellano,[221][222] ; they personally ordered detentions, interrogated prisoners, commanded extractions, and supervised executions. e.g. Eran "los cruzados de la Causa", los depositarios de la espiritualidad y la acción [364][365] Some sympathy is demonstrated by parties and groups related to Navarrismo, a centre-right local political current, sympathised with the Requeté. [269] In 1957 Zamanillo nominated Arturo Márquez de Prado y Pareja as "chief instructor" with the intent to resume military training. paintings signed by Requeté. Le 19 août 2009, la Suisse et les Etats-Unis ont signé un accord pour régler le litige opposant UBS au fisc américain : les Etats-Unis présentent. It remained very active until 1973, Vallverdú i Martí 2014, pp. [324][325], Although its recent past remains a highly controversial topic in Spain, the Requeté is seldom mentioned by itself; in public discourse Carlist volunteers are usually bundled together with other groups as components of Francoism, who are also responsible for the introduction of an anti-democratic, brutal dictatorial system. [358], Among Spanish official political groups, the one most vehemently against the Requeté tradition is Bildu, a Basque nationalist party very militant in Navarre. [191] The system consisted of Requeté running an intelligence network as a specialized branch that performed arrests, terror raids, and on-the-spot executions. Three days later the assailants extracted 65 prisoners and shot them; the entire operation was performed by Tercio Móvil Requetés. KIA for Almogavares and M.d.l.Nieves unclear, but both units were almost wiped out, La Muela is a small plateau just West to the city of Teruel, climax of the battle fell on the second week of January 1938, Navarra 770 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 182; Lácar 740 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 213; Montejurra 600 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 246; N.S.d.Camino 660 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 333; Virgen Blanca 460 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 450; Oriamendi 530 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 471; Begoña 560 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 500, total losses are not known; estimate based on extrapolation of Navarra battalion losses, which were 197 casualties, Aróstegui 2013, p. 183, totals unknown. [93][94] They were to form a network with various command layers whose entire structure was to remain under the supervision of Carlist politicians. For example, in 2020, an organization named La Asociación Granadina Verdad, Justicia y Reparación demanded that authorities ban a "fascist act" planned at the local cemetery in honor of "héroes de la España nacional" in Granada, which was organised by a local Carlist group who gathered five participants. [175] Existing and partial data suggests they were composed mostly of working-class militants that comprised 55–85%. [120] However, Sindicatos Libres stagnated. The broadly sketched plans are perhaps best demonstrated by presence of representatives of all army branches – including Navy and Aviation, González Calleja 2011, p. 197-8, in the summe of 1934 summer first 15 Carlists travelled to Rome to receive training in La Dispoli base in Furbara. 262-263. The last identified reference to Pérez Nájera as the requete jefe comes from 1922. e.g. it was a common practice in the Montserrat Terç that freshly taken prisoners were interrogated on the spot, and Catalans were offered enlisting before having been reported as POWs, Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 84. Similarly, in Elgoibar “Plaza Navarra” is marked for removal, González de Langarica, López de Maturana 2016, pp. As an organisation it operated between the mid-1900s and the early 1970s, though exact dates are not clear. [354] A longtime discussion over the Museum of Carlism, an institution set up and financed by the regional self-government, climaxed in 2017. Many translated example sentences containing "requête administrative" – English-French dictionary and search engine for English translations. [184], During the Civil War Requetés engaged in combat and repression. si le noeud d'origine n'est pas le noeud ma tre désigné. the research network, which identifies the archival. Pilar was withdrawn already in mid-January, Virgen Blanca and Oriamendi left in mid-Feb; the remaining battalions remained in Catalonia until mid-March, Lácar 960 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 225; Montejurra 600 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 256; Mola 870 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 643; other battalions unknown, but supposed to be in full 5-company-strength, some tercios reported 60 casualties each during their Catalan advance, e.g. "solían ser seguidos y observados por policías o emisarios del Gobernador Civil", Miralles Climent 2018, p. 167, for sample see e.g. Moreover, members of the Carlist academic organisation AET also sported military-like uniforms, which made them almost undistinguishable from requeté, compare e.g. For the original stone, erected in 1936, see, see a compilation of press snippets in a brochure. The total was around 20,000 men, Vallverdú i Martí 2008, p. 257. [231] Other authors claim that Requetés formed the “most bloody section of the Nationalist faction” and excelled in political cleansing, be it in Navarre or in Andalusia. [197][198] Inmates were marked for execution, further incarceration, or liberation. An impressive display of Andalusian militancy came on April 15, 1934, when at a Quintillo estate near Seville some 650 trained and uniformed requetés made a stunning impression on all those watching; following a parade and foot drills, a simulation of assault on enemy position followed, González Calleja 2011, pp. Originally there were 3 layers envisiones: "profesional", "activo" and "reserva", but it seems this particular feature was abandoned. [149] In early 1934 the party executive formed Frente Nacional de Boinas Rojas,[150] led by [José Luis Zamanillo González-Camino|José-Luis Zamanillo]]. They were usually performed on temporary and makeshift basis; in some sources these measures are referred as “policing” while in others they are considered to be “political cleansing”. Mola claimed 59 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 644, and N.S.d.Pilar claimed 63 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 533. loi sur la planification du développement. [216] Many atrocities and crimes committed by requeté members were investigated; some of them involved “barbaric excesses”. [7], Requeté was explicitly referred to as "organized under the Juventud auspices". 93-94, for Pamplona see González Calleja 2011, pp. [160] In the late spring of 1936 Requeté grouped 10,000 fully armed and trained men plus 20,000 forming an auxiliary pool. [261] Over time the official policy towards Carlist organizations became more lenient and administration permitted massive rallies. [51] Propaganda tours included small musical bands or parades,[52][53][54] and cultural initiatives covered literary evenings,[55] musical pieces,[56] choirs,[57] reading poetry,[58] infantile recitations,[59] journalistic competitions,[60] theatrical performances,[61] dance,[62] music[63] and other "bellas artes".
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